lunes, marzo 23, 2009

Regresando.....Acerca de la interdisciplinariedad

Hace tiempo que no aparecía por este espacio y razones siempre existen para los distanciamientos, pero aquí estamos nuevamente para seguir comentando sobre el bibliotecario y la biblioteca cubana. Esta vez voy a referirme a un tema que está de moda cuando de estudios relacionados con la ciencia se trata. Me refiero a la Interdisciplinariedad.

Los estudios de interdisciplinariedad y la transdisciplinariedad han tomado auge en los últimos 30 años, siendo la propia sociedad la que nos ha impulsado a encontrar soluciones a problemas complejos desde ambos puntos de vista. A pesar de que los términos se refieren a dos concepciones distintas, el uso indeterminado nos obliga a detenernos en sus distinciones. La interdisciplinariedad implica puntos de contacto entre las disciplinas aportando cada una de ellas sus problemas, conceptos y métodos de investigación. La transdisciplinariedad sin embargo, es lo que simultáneamente le es a las disciplinas y terminan por adoptar el mismo método de investigación. La transdisciplinariedad está entre las disciplinas, en las disciplinas y más allá de las disciplinas

La interdisciplinariedad es considerada como:

  • Cierta razón de unidad, de relaciones y de acciones recíprocas, de interpretaciones entre diversas ramas del saber llamadas disciplinas científicas(SMIRNOV, 1982)
  • La transferencia de métodos de una disciplina a otra”. (NICOLESCU, 1998)
  • El análisis desde distintas miradas científicas problemas o conjuntos de problemas, cuya complejidad es tal, que con que con el aporte o (la disponibilidad) de cada una de las disciplinas a la interdisciplinariedad, ayudaría a desentrañar distintas dimensiones de la realidad social(TABORDA, 2005)

Sobre el término interdisciplinariedad se pueden hacer dos análisis. El primero a partir del empleo de la raíz “disciplinar” con una variedad de prefijos como multi, poli, inter, trans, y mas recientemente la metadisciplinariedad, entre otras elecciones. La segunda opción es la que viene acompañada de un adjetivo que intenta resaltar cierto aspecto como la interdisciplinariedad lineal, temática, metodológica, teórica, compuesta, jerárquica, complementaria, etc.

Sus acepciones muestran en primer orden que el fenómeno en cuestión es o no disciplinar pero que funcionan como elementos complementarios en la forma de abordar el objeto de estudio. Independientemente, todos estos términos tienen un amplio uso en relaciones teóricas cuando realmente sólo en la práctica se constata sus logros o limitaciones.

Cada uno de los prefijos que le anteceden describe los objetivos que persiguen. Así la pluridisciplinariedad o multidisplinariedad consiste en el estudio del objeto de una sola y misma disciplina por medio de varias disciplinas a la vez. La gestión pluridisciplinaria sobrepasa las disciplinas pero su finalidad queda inscrita en el marco de la investigación disciplinaria. La interdisciplinariedad es la interacción de una disciplina y otra e igualmente se enmarca en lo conocido como disciplinar, en cambio la transdisciplinariedad rebasa los límites de lo disciplinario. El prefijo trans, nos muestra “más allá de” o “a través de” y los teóricos lo han propuesto como una nueva etapa del conocimiento. Todos ellos reflejan cierta estructura de complejidad dentro del fenómeno disciplinar.

La interdisciplinariedad constituye uno de los aspectos esenciales en el desarrollo científico actual. No se concibe la explicación de los problemas sociales bajo concepción científica sin la interacción de las disciplinas afines. Ahora bien, la forma en que la interdisciplinariedad se da es diversa, en ocasiones los contactos son sencillos y de apoyo metodológico o conceptual pero en múltiples ocasiones conduce a la aparición de disciplinas nuevas.

Son pocos los estudios filosóficos de la ciencia que abordan esta temática, sin embargo el análisis hecho por Smirnov (SMIRNOV, 1982) sobre los fundamentos ontológicos y epistemológicos de la interdisciplinariedad constituye una aproximación filosófica al fenómeno. Estas valoraciones Smirnov las enuncia a finales de los 70 y principios de los 80 y menciona entre los aspectos más relevantes de los fundamentos ontológicos de la interdisciplinariedad, la integración creciente de la vida social, la socialización de la naturaleza y la internacionalización de la vida social. El primero se refiere a la mezcla cada vez más crecientes de los procesos técnicos, de producción, políticos y sociales. El segundo a la connotación que tiene en la actualidad la transformación de la naturaleza por el hombre, a tal punto de avanzar de la “ciencia de la naturaleza” a la “ciencia de las formas sociales de existencia de la naturaleza”, paralelamente de la “ciencias del hombre” a las “ciencias de la naturaleza humana y social”. El tercer elemento se refiere a lo que ha contribuido la necesidad objetiva de orden internacional. Lo que antes eran proyectos nacionales, se convierten en proyectos internacionales y la “internacionalización” de la vida social responde al desarrollo de la humanidad y al propio avance científico-técnico. Si estos tres fenómenos son propios del desarrollo interdisciplinar y su aparición, en esta nueva etapa, ya siglo XXI aparecen otros elementos que forman parte del fundamento ontológico actual.

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